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Frank Cooper Craighead, Jr. (1916-2001) and John Johnson Craighead (born 1916), twin brothers, were American conservationists, naturalists, and researchers who made important contributions to the study of falconry and grizzly bear biology.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.craigheadresearch.org/frank-craighead-legacy.html )〕 Born in Washington, D.C, the brothers began collecting and identifying animals and plants they found alongside the Potomac, and soon expanded their interests to birds and hawks, going west in 1934 to begin studying falconry. After the war, during which they were employed as survival trainers, they married and resumed their work in falconry. During the 1950s they expanded their work to other animals, including many species living in and around Yellowstone, and eventually separated.〔''Cloud Gardens in the Tetons'', National Geographic, June 1948.〕 In 1959 their careers merged again, this time to begin a 12-year study of grizzly bears in Yellowstone, as the animals were considered threatened by increased human activity; however a 1971 disagreement with the National Park Service ended their Yellowstone studies; however it continued elsewhere in Montana, including the Scapegoat Wilderness.〔''Studying Grizzly Habitat by Satellite.'' National Geographic, July 1976.〕 After 1976 their work was mostly confined to field guides and educating the public about environmentalism; however, field ecology continued until Frank's death in 2001 from Parkinson's disease. In 1998, the National Audubon Society named the brothers among the top 100 conservationists of the 20th century. ==Early life== Frank Cooper Craighead and John Johnson Craighead were born in Washington, D.C. on August 14, 1916. Their father, Frank Craighead Sr., was an environmentalist and founder of the modern environmentalist Craighead family.〔 Their sister, Jean Craighead George, was an author of kids' books. The twin brothers, almost identical to one another, spent much of their time collecting animals and plants along the banks of the Potomac while out of school, but their breakthrough with wildlife came in 1927, when they raised a baby owl at their home. Their interest in hawks and owls grew, and by the early 1930s they regularly visited hawk and owl nests all along the Potomac. Eventually, after high school, they moved to Pennsylvania and attended college there, graduating with science degrees in 1939. At age 20, the brothers wrote their first article for National Geographic Society, published in the July 1937 issue, ''Adventures with Birds of Prey.'' They would write a total of 14 articles for the magazine between 1937 and 1976.〔''The Complete National Geographic''〕 During the war, R. S. Dharmakumarsinhji, an Indian prince living in Bhavnagar, impressed by the Craigheads' 1937 and 1950 articles, invited them to visit India, where they learned about Indian ways of life, but returned home in 1942, as they missed home and their studies of falconry. They also became deeply opposed to killing animals after participating in Indian hunts during their stay.〔 After coming home again, they continued survival training until 1950, during that year they also received their Ph.Ds in 1949.〔 During this time they practiced much wildlife research in Wyoming and Montana, writing ''Cloud Gardens in the Tetons'' in 1948 and ''Wildlife Adventuring in Jackson Hole'' in 1956. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Frank and John Craighead」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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